The science

How we know what’s optimal.

Every reference range we use, every insight we generate, and every protocol we suggest is grounded in peer-reviewed longevity research.

Why optimal beats normal

“Normal” is the average of a population that’s getting sicker.

Standard lab reference ranges are derived from the general population — which now skews toward metabolic dysfunction, deficiency, and chronic inflammation. Optimal ranges are derived from studies of healthy, high-performing individuals.

Why context matters

A single biomarker means nothing in isolation.

Your testosterone matters only relative to your SHBG, body fat, sleep quality, and free hormone status. We analyze every marker in the context of the dozen markers we run alongside it.

Why we test twice a year

Trends beat snapshots, every time.

A single reading is data. A trend over 6 months is information. A trend over 5 years is wisdom. Annual testing misses the seasonal variance, supplementation effects, and lifestyle changes that determine your trajectory.

Methodology

Where our reference ranges come from.

NHANES dataset

U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey — 50,000+ participants, 1999–2023.

MESA cohort

Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis — 6,800 adults followed for 20+ years.

Longevity literature

Peer-reviewed studies on centenarians, elite athletes, and high-performing aging cohorts.

Advisory board

Dr. Sarah Chen, MD

Longevity Medicine · Stanford

Dr. Marcus Hoffman, PhD

Endocrinology · Johns Hopkins

Dr. James Park, MD

Cardiometabolic Health · Cleveland Clinic